The self-weight of the structure is to be taken into account in the category of permanent loads. Just like the weight of the load-bearing structure, the weight of the non-load bearing elements (roofing, facade cladding, floors, etc.) is included in the category of permanent loads. The weights of stored materials, the volume of which may vary over the life of the building, belong to category E of imposed loads. The average densities of the main building materials or which can be stored are contained in the tables below.
Table A.1 - Construction materials-concrete and mortar | Materials | Densityγ [kN/m3] |
| concrete (see EN 206) | |
| lightweight | |
| density class LC 1,0 | 9,0 to 10,0 1)2) |
| density class LC 1,2 | 10,0 to 12,0 1)2) |
| density class LC 1,4 | 12,0 to 14,0 1)2) |
| density class LC 1,6 | 14,0 to 16,0 1)2) |
| density class LC 1,8 | 16,0 to 18,0 1)2) |
| density class LC 2,0 | 18,0 to 20,0 1)2) |
| normal weight | 24,01)2) |
| heavyweight | >1)2) |
| mortar | |
| cement mortar | 19,0 to 23,0 |
| gypsum mortar | 12,0 to 18,0 |
| lime-cement mortar | 18,0 to 20,0 |
| lime mortar | 12,0 to 18,0 |
| 1) Increase by 1 kN/m3 for normal percentage of reinforcing and pre-stressmg steel 2) Increase by 1 kN/m3 for unhardened concrete |
| NOTE See Section 4. |
Table A.2 - Construction materials-masonry | Materials | Density γ [kN/m3] |
| masonry units | |
| clay masonry units | see EN 771-1 |
| calcium silicate masonry units | see EN 771-2 |
| aggregate concrete masonry units | see EN 771-3 |
| autoclaved aerated masonry units | see EN 771-4 |
| manufactured stone masonry units | see EN 771-5 |
| glass blocks, hollow | see EN 1051 |
| terra cotta | 21,0 |
| natural stones, see pr EN 771-6 | |
| granite, syenite, porphyry | 27,0 to 30,0 |
| basalt, diorite, gabbro | 27,0 to 31,0 |
| tachylyte | 26,0 |
| basaltic lava | 24,0 |
| gray wacke, sandstone | 21,0 to 27,0 |
| dense limestone | 20,0 to 29,0 |
| other limestone | 20,0 |
| volcanic tuff | 20,0 |
| gneiss | 30,0 |
| slate | 28,0 |
| NOTE See Section 4. |
Table A.3 - Construction materials-wood | Materials | Density γ [kN/m3] |
| wood (see EN 338 for timber strength classes) | |
| timber strength class C14 | 3,5 |
| timber strength class C16 | 3,7 |
| timber strength class C18 | 3,8 |
| timber strength class C22 | 4,1 |
| timber strength class C24 | 4,2 |
| timber strength class C27 | 4,5 |
| timber strength class C30 | 4,6 |
| timber strength class C35 | 4,8 |
| timber strength class C40 | 5,0 |
| timber strength class D30 | 6,4 |
| timber strength class D35 | 6,7 |
| timber strength class D40 | 7,0 |
| timber strength class D50 | 7,8 |
| timber strength class D60 | 8,4 |
| timber strength class D70 | 10,8 |
| glued laminated timber (see EN 1194 for Timber strength classes) | |
| homogenious glulam GL24h | 3,7 |
| homogenious glulam GL28h | 4,0 |
| homogenious glulam GL32h | 4,2 |
| homogenious glulam GL36h | 4,4 |
| combined glulam GL24c | 3,5 |
| combined glulam GL28c | 3,7 |
| combined glulam GL32c | 4,0 |
| combined glulam GL36c | 4,2 |
| plywood | |
| softwood plywood | 5,0 |
| birch plywood | 7,0 |
| laminboard and blockboard | 4,5 |
| particle boards | |
| chipboard | 7,0 to 8,0 |
| cement-bonded particle board | 12,0 |
| flake board, oriented strand board, wafer board | 7,0 |
| fibre building board | |
| hardboard, standard and tempered | 10,0 |
| medium density fibreboard | 8,0 |
| softboard | 4,0 |
| NOTE See Section 4. |
Table A.4 - Construction materials-metals | Materials | Density γ [kN/m3] |
| metals | |
| aluminium | 27,0 |
| brass | 83,0 to 85,0 |
| bronze | 83,0 to 85,0 |
| copper | 87,0 to 89,0 |
| iron, cast | 71,0 to 72,5 |
| iron, wrought | 76,0 |
| lead | 112,0 to 114,0 |
| steel | 77,0 to 78,5 |
| zinc | 71,0 to 72,0 |
Table A.5 - Construction materials- other materials | Materials | Density γ [kN/m3] |
| other materials | |
| glass, broken | 22,0 |
| glass, in sheets | 25,0 |
| plastics | |
| acrylic sheet | 12,0 |
| polystyrene, expanded, granules | 0,3 |
| foam glass | 1,4 |
Table A.6 - Bridge materials | Materials | Density γ [kN/m3] |
| pavement of road bridges | |
| gussasphalt and asphaltic concrete | 24,0 to 25,0 |
| mastic asphalt | 18,0 to 22,0 |
| hot rolled asphalt | 23,0 |
| infills for bridges | |
| sand (dry) | 15,0 to 16,01) |
| ballast, gravel (loose) | 15,0 to 16,01) |
| hardcore | 18,5 to 19,5 |
| crushed slag | 13,5 to 14,51) |
| packed stone rubble | 20,5 to 21,5 |
| puddle clay | 18,5 to 19,5 |
| pavement of rail bridges | |
| concrete protective layer | 25,0 |
| normal ballast (e.g. granite, gneiss, etc.) | 20,0 |
| basaltic ballast | 26 |
| | Weight per unit bed length 2)3) gk [kN/m] |
| structures with ballasted bed | |
| 2 rails UIC 60 | 1,2 |
| prestressed concrete sleeper with track fastenings | 4,8 |
| concrete sleepers with metal angle braces | 4,2 |
| timber sleepers with track fastenings | 1,9 |
| structures without ballasted bed | |
| 2 rails UIC 60 with track fastenings | 1,7 |
| bridge beam and guard rails | 4,9 |
- Given in other tables as stored materials
- Excludes an allowance for ballast
- Assumes a spacing of 600 mm
|
NOTE 1 The values for track are also applicable outside railway bridges. NOTE 2 See Section 4. |
Table A.7 - Stored materials - building and construction | Materials | Density γ [kN/m3] | Angle of repose ϕ [°] |
| aggregates( see EN 206) | | |
| lightweight | 9,0 to 20,0 1) | 30 |
| normal | 20,0 to 30,0 | 30 |
| heavyweight | >30,0 | 30 |
| gravel and sand, bulked | 15,0 to 20,0 | 35 |
| sand | 14,0 to 19,0 | 30 |
| blast furnace slag | | |
| lumps | 17,0 | 40 |
| granules | 12,0 | 30 |
| crushed foamed | 9,0 | 35 |
| brick sand, crushed brick, broken bricks | 15,0 | 35 |
| vermiculite | | |
| exfoliated, aggregate for concrete | 1,0 | - |
| crude | 6,0 to 9,0 | - |
| bentonite | | |
| loose | 8,0 | 40 |
| shaken down | 11,0 | - |
| cement | | |
| in bulk | 16,0 | 28 |
| in bag | 15,0 | - |
| fly ash | 10,0 to 14,0 | 25 |
| glass, in sheets | 25,0 | - |
| gypsum, ground | 15,0 | 25 |
| lignite filter ash | 15,0 | 20 |
| lime | 13,0 | 25 |
| limestone, powder | 13,0 | 25 to 27 |
| magnesite, ground | 12,0 | - |
| plastics | | |
| polyethylene, polystyrol granulated | 6,4 | 30 |
| polyvinylchloride, powder | 5,9 | 40 |
| polyester resin | 11,8 | - |
| glue resins | 13,0 | - |
| water, fresh | 10,0 | - |
| 1) see table A.1 for density classes of lightweight concrete |
| NOTE See Section 4. |
Table A.8 - Stored products - agricultural | Products | Density γ [kN/m3] | Angle of repose ϕ [°] |
| farmyard | | |
| manure (minimum 60 % solids) | 7,8 | - |
| manure (with dry straw) | 9,3 | 45 |
| dry chicken manure | 6,9 | 45 |
| slurry (maximum 20 % solids) | 10,8 | - |
| fertiliser, artificial | | |
| NPK, granulated | 8,0 to 12,0 | 25 |
| basic slag, crushed | 13,7 | 35 |
| phosphates, granulated | 10,0 to 16,0 | 30 |
| potassium sulphate | 12,0 to 16,0 | 28 |
| urea | 7,0 to 8,0 | 24 |
| fodder, green, loosely stacked | 3,5 to 4,5 | - |
| grain | | |
| whole (≤ 14 % moisture content unless indicated otherwise) | | |
| general | 7,8 | 30 |
| barley | 7,0 | 30 |
| brewer’s grain (wet) | 8,8 | - |
| herbage seeds | 3,4 | 30 |
| maize in bulk | 7,4 | 30 |
| maize in bags | 5,0 | - |
| oats | 5,0 | 30 |
| oilseed rape | 6,4 | 25 |
| rye | 7,0 | 30 |
| wheat in bulk | 7,8 | 30 |
| wheat in bags | 7,5 | - |
| grass cubes | 7,8 | 40 |
| hay | | |
| (baled) | 1,0 to 3,0 | - |
| (rolled bales) | 6,0 to 7,0 | - |
| hides and skins | 8,0 to 9,0 | - |
| hops | 1,0 to 2,0 | 25 |
| malt | 4,0 to 6,0 | 20 |
| meal | | |
| ground | 7,0 | 45 |
| cubes | 7,0 | 40 |
| peat | | |
| dry, loose, shaken down | 1,0 | 35 |
| dry, compressed in bales | 5,0 | - |
| wet | 9,5 | - |
| silage | 5,0 to 10,0 | - |
| straw | | |
| in bulk (dry) | 0,7 | - |
| baled | 1,5 | - |
| tobacco in bales | 3,5 to 5,0 | - |
| wool | | |
| in bulk | 3,0 | - |
| baled | 7,0 to 13,0 | - |
| NOTE See Section 4. |
Table A.9 - Stored products - foodstuffs | Products | Density γ [kN/m3] | Angle of repose ϕ [°] |
| eggs, in stands | 4,0 to 5,0 | - |
| flour | | |
| bulk | 6,0 | 25 |
| bagged | 5,0 | - |
| fruit | | |
| apples | | |
| - loose | 8,3 | 30 |
| - boxed | 6,5 | - |
| cherries | 7,8 | - |
| pears | 5,9 | - |
| raspberries, in trays | 2,0 | - |
| strawberries, in trays | 1,2 | - |
| tomatoes | 6,8 | - |
| sugar | | |
| loose, piled | 7,5 to 10,0 | 35 |
| dense and bagged | 16,0 | - |
| vegetables, green | | |
| cabbages | 4,0 | - |
| lettuce | 5,0 | - |
| vegetables, legumes | | |
| beans | | |
| - general | 8,1 | 35 |
| - soya | 7,4 | 30 |
| peas | 7,8 | - |
| vegetables, root | | |
| general | 8,8 | - |
| beetroot | 7,4 | 40 |
| carrots | 7,8 | 35 |
| onions | 7 | 35 |
| turnips | 7 | 35 |
| potatoes | | |
| in bulk | 7,6 | 35 |
| in boxes | 4,4 | - |
| sugarbeet | | |
| dried and chopped | 2,9 | 35 |
| raw | 7,6 | - |
| wet shreds | 10,0 | - |
| NOTE See Section 4. |
Table A.10 - Stored products - liquids | Products | Density γ [kN/m3] |
| beverages | |
| beer | 10,0 |
| milk | 10,0 |
| water, fresh | 10,0 |
| wine | 10,0 |
| natural oils | |
| castor oil | 9,3 |
| glycerol (glycerine) | 12,3 |
| linseed oil | 9,2 |
| olive oil | 8,8 |
| organic liquids and acids | |
| alcohol | 7,8 |
| ether | 7,4 |
| hydrochloric acid (40 % by weight) | 11,8 |
| methylated spirit | 7,8 |
| nitric acid (91 % by weight) | 14,7 |
| sulphuric acid (30 % by weight) | 13,7 |
| sulphuric acid (87 % by weight) | 17,7 |
| turpentine, white spirit | 8,3 |
| hydrocarbons | |
| aniline | 9,8 |
| benzene (benzol) | 8,8 |
| coal tar | 10,8 to 12,8 |
| creosote | 10,8 |
| naphtha | 7,8 |
| paraffin (kerosene) | 8,3 |
| benzine (benzoline) | 6,9 |
| oil, crude (petroleum) | 9,8 to 12,8 |
| diesel | 8,3 |
| fuel | 7,8 to 9,8 |
| heavy | 12,3 |
| lubricating | 8,8 |
| petrol (gasolene, gasoline) | 7,4 |
| liquid gas | |
| butane | 5,7 |
| propane | 5,0 |
| other liquids | |
| mercury | 133 |
| red lead paint | 59 |
| white lead, in oil | 38 |
| sludge, over 50 % by volume water | 10,8 |
| NOTE See Section 4. |
Table A.11 - Stored products - solid fuels | Products | Density γ [kN/m3] | Angle of repose ϕ [°] |
| charcoal | | |
| air-filled | 4 | - |
| air-free | 15 | - |
| coal | | |
| block briquettes, tipped | 8 | 35 |
| block briquettes, stacked | 13 | - |
| egg briquettes | 8,3 | 30 |
| coal, raw from pit | 10 | 35 |
| coal in washing pools | 12 | - |
| coal dust | 7 | 25 |
| coke | 4,0 to 6,5 | 35 to 45 |
| middlings in the quarry | 12,3 | 35 |
| waste washing tips in colliery | 13,7 | 35 |
| all other kinds of coal | 8,3 | 30 to 35 |
| firewood | 5,4 | 45 |
| lignite/brown coal | | |
| briquettes, tipped | 7,8 | 30 |
| briquettes, stacked | 12,8 | - |
| damp | 9,8 | 30 to 40 |
| dry | 7,8 | 35 |
| dust | 4,9 | 25 to 40 |
| low-temperature coke | 9,8 | 40 |
| peat | | |
| black, dried, firmly packed | 6 to 9 | - |
| black, dried, loosely tipped | 3 to 6 | 45 |
| NOTE See Section 4. |
Table A.12 - Stored products - industrial and general | Products | Density γ [kN/m3] | Angle of repose ϕ [°] |
| books and documents | | |
| books and documents | 6,0 | - |
| densely stored | 8,5 | - |
| filing racks and cabinets | 6,0 | - |
| garments and rags, bundled | 11,0 | - |
| ice, lumps | 8,5 | - |
| leather, piled | 10,0 | - |
| paper | | |
| in rolls | 15,0 | - |
| piled | 11,0 | - |
| rubber | 10,0 to 17,0 | - |
| rock salt | 22,0 | 45 |
| salt | 12,0 | 40 |
| sawdust | | |
| dry, bagged | 3,0 | - |
| dry, loose | 2,5 | 45 |
| wet, loose | 5,0 | 45 |
| tar, bitumen | 14,0 | - |
| NOTE See Section 4. |
